Takako Irie
Biography: Takako Irie (入江 たか子 Irie Takako, 7 February 1911 – 12 January 1995) was a Japanese film actress. Born in Tokyo into the aristocratic Higashibōjō family (her birth name was Hideko Higashibōjō (東坊城 英子 Higashibōjō Hideko)), she graduated from Bunka Gakuin before debuting as an actress at Nikkatsu in 1927. She became a major star, even starting her own production company, Irie Productions, in 1932. One of Kenji Mizoguchi's silent film masterpieces, The Water Magician, was produced at that company with Irie starring. She appeared in many advertisements, as well as on fans and other commercial goods. Irie was also the subject of a folding screen painting by Nihonga artist Nakamura Daizaburō, which appeared in the 1930 Teiten (Imperial Exhibition), and which is today in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art; toy dolls were also produced based on this image. In the postwar period, Irie became known as a "ghost cat actress" (bakeneko joyū) for appearing in a series of kaidan (ghost story) movies. One of her late memorable roles was in Akira Kurosawa's Sanjuro, where she plays Mutsuta's wife, the lady who warns Sanjuro (Toshirō Mifune) that "the best sword stays in its scabbard".
Place of Birth: Not available
Birthday: February 07, 1911
Deathday: January 12, 1995
Popularity:
Known For
Sanjuro
1962-01-01
Sanjuro
Overview: Toshiro Mifune swaggers and snarls to brilliant comic effect in Kurosawa's tightly paced, beautifully composed "Sanjuro." In this companion piece and sequel to "Yojimbo," jaded samurai Sanjuro helps an idealistic group of young warriors weed out their clan's evil influences, and in the process turns their image of a proper samurai on its ear.
Genres: Drama Action Comedy
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1962-01-01
Popularity:
The Little Girl Who Conquered Time
1983-07-16
The Little Girl Who Conquered Time
Overview: Yoshiyama Kazuko is a third-year junior high school student. One day while cleaning the lab, she smells lavender and faints. From then on, she has the power to travel through time.
Genres: Science Fiction Romance
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1983-07-16
Popularity:
The Morning Sun Shines
1929-04-12
The Morning Sun Shines
Overview: The Morning Sun Shines is a fiction-documentary film by Kenji Mizoguchi and Seiichi Ina. The film is a combination of a drama about a reporter, and documentary footage about newspaper production. Only 25 minutes of footage has survived.
Genres: Drama Documentary
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1929-04-12
Popularity:
The Most Beautiful
1944-04-13
The Most Beautiful
Overview: The stories of several young women who work in a 'precision optical instruments' factory during the second World War. Despite illness, injury, and tremendous personal hardship, the women persevere in their tasks, devoted to their work and their country's cause.
Genres: Drama War
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1944-04-13
Popularity:
Judge of the Ashuras
1951-02-15
Judge of the Ashuras
Overview:
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1951-02-15
Popularity:
The Dawn of Manchuria and Mongolia
1932-09-29
The Dawn of Manchuria and Mongolia
Overview: Propaganda film, presumed lost.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1932-09-29
Popularity:
Yoshie Fujiwara's Hometown
1930-03-14
Yoshie Fujiwara's Hometown
Overview: While returning by boat to Japan, Yoshie Fujiwara meets a rich woman who suggests him to become a singer thanks to an impresario friend of hers.
Genres: Drama Romance
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1930-03-14
Popularity:
Matenro sôtohen
1929-10-17
Matenro sôtohen
Overview:
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1929-10-17
Popularity:
The Deserted City
1984-01-02
The Deserted City
Overview: After noticing in the news there was a fire in an old canal town, Eguchi recalls visiting there a decade ago as a university student.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1984-01-02
Popularity:
The Water Magician
1933-06-01
The Water Magician
Overview: Taki no Shiraito is a very independent young woman with a famous water juggling act in a travelling carnival troupe. She falls in love with an orphaned carriage driver Kinya Murakoshi, and pledges to put him through law school in Tokyo. She always encloses money in her letters to him, until one hard winter there is no work to be found.
Genres: Drama Romance Crime
Original Language: xx
Release Date: 1933-06-01
Popularity:
Tojuro's Love
1938-05-01
Tojuro's Love
Overview: A colourful study of theatrical life. Two acting troupes vie for the Kyoto market during the Genroku Era. Tojuro, an extremely popular actor, feels the limits to his acting when he sees his rival troupe put on a new type of play featuring its star, Nakamura. He has the famous Chikamatsu write a new play but cannot get used to the character he is to play in it.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1938-05-01
Popularity:
Nage Utasamon niban tegara: Tsuri tenjô no semushi otoko
1954-07-28
Nage Utasamon niban tegara: Tsuri tenjô no semushi otoko
Overview: Second in the Nage Utasamon series
Genres: Horror
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1954-07-28
Popularity:
A Husband's Chastity: If Spring Comes & Fall Once Again
1937-04-01
A Husband's Chastity: If Spring Comes & Fall Once Again
Overview: Kayo and Kuniko graduated from girls' school together and are as close as sisters. Kuniko's fiancé, Minakami, feels something that attracts him deeply towards Kayo. On the other hand, Kayo prays for the happiness of her best friend and marries a very ordinary man. However, at one point, this mediocre but increasingly ferocious husband died in an accident ... A triangular love story develops depicting a woman's heart that sways between love and morals. Based on a novel by Nobuko Yoshiya, there were originally two parts to the film (If Spring Comes & Fall Once Again), both supposed to be 85 minutes, but apparently what we have now is this 103-minute amalgam of the two.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1937-04-01
Popularity:
White Heron
1941-09-09
White Heron
Overview: OSHINO, the beautiful daughter of restaurant owners, is in love with SHIRASAGI the painter. But there is another young man, the son of a moneylender family, who is desperately in love with Oshino...
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1941-09-09
Popularity:
Green Earth
1942-04-01
Green Earth
Overview: Set in Qingdao, China, a Japanese company locates an office there and begins work and cooperation with a local Chinese company for business. Many Japanese engineers also move to China, with their families, for the company in order to construct a canal. There are young Chinese resisting the Japanese in this area.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1942-04-01
Popularity:
Learn from Experience, Part One
1937-10-01
Learn from Experience, Part One
Overview: Part 1 of a 2-part romance based on a story by noted author Kikuchi Kan. The central character here is Toyomi (played by Takako IRIE, star of Mizoguchi’s "Water Magician), a rich young woman in love with Shintaro (Minoru TAKADA), a rich young man. Unfortunately, Shintaro’s father is in the process of arranging a marriage for him with Yurie (Chieko TAKEHISA), the scion of an even wealthier family. In order to avoid this, the two young lovers flee to Tokyo to live together. When Shintaro comes back to proclaim his intent to marry Toyomi, his father browbeats him into attending the long-arranged marriage meeting with Yurie. While Shintaro is back home, Toyomi goes on a vacation trip with her closest chum, Michiko (Yumeko AIZOME). At a class reunion, Toyomi is to distressed (at not having heard from Shintaro for so long), she doesn’t go out on the town with her classmates. Michiko, however, runs into Shintaro and Yurie (also out on the town), and pulling him aside, demands an explanation.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1937-10-01
Popularity:
Learn from Experience, Part Two
1937-12-18
Learn from Experience, Part Two
Overview: Part 2 of a 2-part romance (fist part - Kafuku zempen) based on a story by noted author Kikuchi Kan. In the second half, we discover that Toyomi is pregnant -- and while Shintaro and Yurie are on their extended honeymoon, she bears his child, a girl named Kiyoko. She is supported in adversity by Michiko -- and gets considerable moral support from not only her own mother but also from Shintaro's mother and siblings. Even more surprisingly, Yurie strikes up a friendship of sorts with her. When Yurie learns that the child is Shintaro's, she convinces Toyomi that it would be best to let Shintaro (and her) raise Kiyoko, so Toyomi can get on with making a proper life for herself. Tearfully, Toyomi agrees. Sometime later, Michiko goes to visit Toyomi -- and sees her at work, as a kindergarten teacher.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1937-12-18
Popularity:
Life Is like a Somersault
1946-06-27
Life Is like a Somersault
Overview: After learning that he has accidentally killed a man in a fight, Unokichi must look after the man's pregnant widow.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1946-06-27
Popularity:
Kagebōshi
1950-01-03
Kagebōshi
Overview: On the night the shogunate's treasury was breached, the guard Utsugi had already been taken down. His colleague Ryunosuke felt responsible and decided to catch the culprit, not only for the sake of the beautiful wife of Utsugi, Chika, but also for his own honor. Chika's younger brother Shinjiro and the powerful Uechi family living near Ryunosuke's abode, join hands to support Ryunosuke. Counterfeit coins begin to surface—a scheme by the corrupt faction led by Yanagisawa. The henchman behind this is Koyamada Tesshin, who gathers ronin to amplify Yanagisawa's power. Among those ronin is Tendo Sakon—a man who drinks silently and plays the flute when in a mood.
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1950-01-03
Popularity:
Zoku kagebōshi ryūkoaiutsutsu
1950-01-08
Zoku kagebōshi ryūkoaiutsutsu
Overview: A continuation of the prior film (影法師).
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1950-01-08
Popularity:
Koyoi Tsuma to Narinu
1947-03-04
Koyoi Tsuma to Narinu
Overview: A hospital melodrama where the conflict between love and friendship rules the faith of the protagonists.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1947-03-04
Popularity:
Enoken’s Shrewd Period
1939-01-11
Enoken’s Shrewd Period
Overview:
Genres: Comedy
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1939-01-11
Popularity:
Ghost of Saga Mansion
1953-09-03
Ghost of Saga Mansion
Overview: A woman loses her son through an evil conspiracy and commits suicide. Shortly afterwards a ghost cat begins haunting the conspirators. This is Takako Irie's first bakeneko (ghost cat) movie; it started a Daiei cycle which was very popular at the time in Japan.
Genres: Horror
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1953-09-03
Popularity:
Ghost-Cat of Arima Palace
1953-12-29
Ghost-Cat of Arima Palace
Overview: Okoyo, the mistress of Lord Arima, fears that she is being replaced by a younger woman named Otaki. In a fit of jealousy, she kills the younger girl. The dead woman's cat licks her blood and becomes a demon, seeking revenge on Okoyo
Genres: Horror
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1953-12-29
Popularity:
Terrible Ghost Cat of Okazaki
1954-03-13
Terrible Ghost Cat of Okazaki
Overview: The Lord of Okazaki is killed by his brother-in-law. Although the Lord's widow bears a child, she is also killed. Then, a ghost cat begins stalking in the castle.
Genres: Horror
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1954-03-13
Popularity:
Ghost-Cat of Gojusan-Tsugi
1956-07-19
Ghost-Cat of Gojusan-Tsugi
Overview: A power struggle in the fief of Okazaki causes the death of Namiji, a nobleman's daughter. As her fiancé seeks revenge, he finds Namiji's cat helping him. Co-starring Shintarô Katsu and Takako Irie.
Genres: Horror
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1956-07-19
Popularity:
Ghost-Cat of Yonaki Swamp
1957-06-18
Ghost-Cat of Yonaki Swamp
Overview: A remake of Kaidan Saga yashiki (1953).
Genres: Horror
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1957-06-18
Popularity:
The Ghost Cat of Ouma Crossing
1954-12-29
The Ghost Cat of Ouma Crossing
Overview: A kabuki actress is murdered. Her pet cat laps its mistress's blood and becomes a demon possessed by the vengeful murder victim.
Genres: Horror
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1954-12-29
Popularity:
Karisome no kuchibeni
1934-11-22
Karisome no kuchibeni
Overview: A Japanese version of the musical comedy "Yes, Mr. Brown"
Genres: Music Comedy Romance
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1934-11-22
Popularity:
Jean Valjean: Part One
1931-02-17
Jean Valjean: Part One
Overview: The first part of a fascinating melodrama based on Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, the action of which is transferred to the era of the Meiji Revolution. The film has not survived.
Genres: Drama Romance
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1931-02-17
Popularity:
Odoroki ikka
1949-12-13
Odoroki ikka
Overview: 1949 Japanese film
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1949-12-13
Popularity:
Blue Sky Angel
1950-05-20
Blue Sky Angel
Overview: 1950 drama film
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1950-05-20
Popularity:
The House of Hanging
1979-05-26
The House of Hanging
Overview: This time, Kousuke investigates a murder in a hospital. The murderer leaves misleading evidence to divert Kousuke's attention on the case. Suspicion and doubt clouds Kousuke's mind.
Genres: Mystery Drama Horror
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1979-05-26
Popularity:
Jean Valjean: Part Two
1931-02-25
Jean Valjean: Part Two
Overview: The second part of the melodrama based on the novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, the action of which is transferred to the era of the Meiji Revolution. The film has not survived.
Genres: Drama Romance
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1931-02-25
Popularity:
Sincerity
1939-09-10
Sincerity
Overview: Two young girls, Nobiko and Tomiko, go to the same school. The less fortunate girl Nobiko is one of the top students, while the rich girl Tomiko is not. At one time Tomiko's father was quite fond of Nobuko's mother.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1939-09-10
Popularity:
Kokoro no jitsugetsu: Retsujitsu hen - Gekko hen
1931-10-30
Kokoro no jitsugetsu: Retsujitsu hen - Gekko hen
Overview:
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1931-10-30
Popularity:
Karuma Tengu: The Fire Festival
1951-10-12
Karuma Tengu: The Fire Festival
Overview: The masked avenger Kurama Tengu is linked to a plot to bring down the Tokugawa shogunate, but is it really our hero, or an imposter?
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1951-10-12
Popularity:
壮士劇場
1947-05-06
壮士劇場
Overview: 1947 Japanese movie
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1947-05-06
Popularity:
Love Letter
1953-12-13
Love Letter
Overview: A sad and troubled man finds a new job five years after the end of WWII, where he writes love letters for other people.
Genres: Romance Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1953-12-13
Popularity:
The Snake Princess
1940-04-03
The Snake Princess
Overview: When Sentarô’s father is killed by a drunken samurai, Sentarô avenges him. His deed puts him on the run and leaves his sister behind. While running from both the authorities and the assassins, Sentarô meets with the beautiful travelling-actress Oshima who takes him under her protection.
Genres: History Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1940-04-03
Popularity:
Karayuki-san
1937-03-11
Karayuki-san
Overview: "Karayuki-san offers a no-holds-barred depiction of the discrimination faced by a former prostitute who returns to Japan from Singapore with her mixed-race son." - Alexander Jacoby (Oxford Brookes University)
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1937-03-11
Popularity:
A Woman's Sorrows
1937-01-21
A Woman's Sorrows
Overview: Japanese domestic drama.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1937-01-21
Popularity:
Mother Never Dies
1942-09-24
Mother Never Dies
Overview: The premature death of a young mother serves as inspiration for her husband and son.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1942-09-24
Popularity:
Yukiko and Natsuyo
1941-08-14
Yukiko and Natsuyo
Overview: Adaptation of a novel by Nobuko Yoshiya that was serialized in "Shufu no tomo" between 1939 and 1940.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1941-08-14
Popularity:
Behold This Mother
1930-05-09
Behold This Mother
Overview: Directed by Tomotaka Tasaka.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1930-05-09
Popularity:
Lord Mito
1957-08-11
Lord Mito
Overview: This most celebrated all-star movie version of the popular series features Tsukigata Ryunosuke as Mito Komon, the sage who wanders the countryside rectifying government corruption along with his faithful attendants Suke and Kaku.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1957-08-11
Popularity:
Great Bodhisattva Pass 2
1936-04-14
Great Bodhisattva Pass 2
Overview: The sequel to the 1935 film Great Bodhisattva Pass
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1936-04-14
Popularity:
Wings of Victory
1942-10-14
Wings of Victory
Overview:
Genres: War Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1942-10-14
Popularity:
Omokage no machi
1942-11-13
Omokage no machi
Overview: A 1942 film.
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1942-11-13
Popularity:
The Battle of Kawanakajima
1941-11-30
The Battle of Kawanakajima
Overview: This epic depicts the battle between Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen. The focus of the story is the struggle by the unit leader in charge of the main supply wagons and the supply troops to transport materiel to the Uesugi army. To this are added episodes involving an itinerant woman.
Genres: Drama History War
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1941-11-30
Popularity:
Kenji Mizoguchi: The Life of a Film Director
1975-05-24
Kenji Mizoguchi: The Life of a Film Director
Overview: In 39 interviews with actors and actresses, writers, producers and staff members, interspersed with film excerpts and stills, Shindō recounts the life and career of his friend and mentor Mizoguchi.
Genres: Documentary
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1975-05-24
Popularity:
Great Bodhisattva Pass
1935-11-15
Great Bodhisattva Pass
Overview: 1930s Japanese film.
Genres: Drama History
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1935-11-15
Popularity:
A Living Puppet
1929-04-19
A Living Puppet
Overview:
Genres: Comedy Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1929-04-19
Popularity:
Tokyo March
1929-05-31
Tokyo March
Overview: A classic melodramatic love tragedy addressing social inequality in Taishō-era Japan, The nostalgic scenes of 1920s Tokyo provides a valuable visual experience set against the background of the title song, "Tokyo March." (Sadly, less than a half hour of the footage has been recovered and restored.)
Genres: Romance Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1929-05-31
Popularity:
Four Marriages
1944-09-28
Four Marriages
Overview: Based on a short story by Dazai Osamu, produced under the national film law. The film's hero falls in love with the youngest daughter of a family he is visiting to arrange an engagement for his friend who has been drafted to fight in the war.
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1944-09-28
Popularity:
Metropolitan Symphony
1929-01-02
Metropolitan Symphony
Overview: Directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. Considered a lost film.
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1929-01-02
Popularity:
Dancers of Awa
1941-05-21
Dancers of Awa
Overview: Jurobei, a kaisen tonya (wholesaler in port) in Awa, was wronged and killed on the day of the Dance Festival by the evil merchant & the chamberlin. His brother (Kazuo Hasegawa) vowed vengeance on the day of his brother's death. So every year the villains are worried during the Awa Dance Festival (which is part of the Obon festival), but nothing has ever happened, until seven years later...
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1941-05-21
Popularity:
The Great White Tiger Platoon
1954-08-25
The Great White Tiger Platoon
Overview: The Great White Tiger Platoon was part of the Aizu clan's last ditch efforts to stop the advance of Imperial troops after the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Meant to be a reserve unit as it was made of the young, 16-17 year old sons of Aizu samurai. Their story is one of the great tragedies of the Boshin War (1868-1869) as they were called into action. Getting cut off from the main body of their platoon, a group of 20 from the 2nd squad retreated to Iimori Hill, where they looked down upon fires surrounding Aizu Castle and thinking that the castle has fallen and all is lost, they choose to die as samurai by committing seppuku. A superb rendition of this true story that shows the true honor of the samurai.
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1954-08-25
Popularity:
Legend of the Cat Monster
1998-08-16
Legend of the Cat Monster
Overview: A legendary actress thought to be dead is discovered living in an isolated mansion. A screenwriter is tasked with writing her comeback film, which leads the two to live under the same roof.
Genres: TV Movie Horror Fantasy Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1998-08-16
Popularity:
Tsuki yori no shisha
1934-03-29
Tsuki yori no shisha
Overview:
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1934-03-29
Popularity:
Tales of a Drifter
1951-08-10
Tales of a Drifter
Overview:
Genres: No genres available
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1951-08-10
Popularity:
Mother's Melody
1937-03-03
Mother's Melody
Overview:
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1937-03-03
Popularity:
The Roar of The Lion
1955-11-08
The Roar of The Lion
Overview:
Genres: Crime
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1955-11-08
Popularity:
Matashirō Fighting Journey
1956-01-09
Matashirō Fighting Journey
Overview:
Genres: Romance
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1956-01-09
Popularity:
Invitation to Happiness
1947-10-30
Invitation to Happiness
Overview: Kôfuku eno shôtai - Invitation to happiness
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1947-10-30
Popularity:
Fighting Letter for 29 People
1957-06-04
Fighting Letter for 29 People
Overview:
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1957-06-04
Popularity:
Sky of Hope
1942-01-14
Sky of Hope
Overview: What is marriage? Young couple in match-making wanted to know before they decide. They visited married couples of sisters and brothers. Love comedy in 1942.
Genres: Comedy Drama Romance War
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1942-01-14
Popularity:
Kuriyama Daizen
1936-11-12
Kuriyama Daizen
Overview: Prewar jidaigeki starring Denjiro Okochi
Genres: History
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1936-11-12
Popularity:
Notebooks of Heiji Zenigata: Spider on the Skin
1956-08-14
Notebooks of Heiji Zenigata: Spider on the Skin
Overview:
Genres: Mystery
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1956-08-14
Popularity:
A Husband's Chastity: Fall Again
1937-05-01
A Husband's Chastity: Fall Again
Overview: Kayo and Kuniko graduated from girls' school together and are as close as sisters. Kuniko's fiancé, Minakami, feels something that attracts him deeply towards Kayo. On the other hand, Kayo prays for the happiness of her best friend and marries a very ordinary man. However, at one point, this mediocre but increasingly ferocious husband died in an accident ... A triangular love story develops depicting a woman's heart that sways between love and morals.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1937-05-01
Popularity:
A Husband's Chastity: If Spring Comes
1937-04-01
A Husband's Chastity: If Spring Comes
Overview: Kayo and Kuniko graduated from girls' school together and are as close as sisters. Kuniko's fiancé, Minakami, feels something that attracts him deeply towards Kayo. On the other hand, Kayo prays for the happiness of her best friend and marries a very ordinary man. However, at one point, this mediocre but increasingly ferocious husband died in an accident ... A triangular love story develops depicting a woman's heart that sways between love and morals.
Genres: Drama
Original Language: ja
Release Date: 1937-04-01
Popularity: